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LinuxÎļþ²é¿´

? ? LinuxϵͳÖÐʹÓÃÒÔÏÂÃüÁîÀ´²é¿´ÎļþµÄÄÚÈÝ£º ? ? cat ÓɵÚÒ»ÐпªÊ¼ÏÔʾÎļþÄÚÈÝ ? ? tac ´Ó×îºóÒ»ÐпªÊ¼ÏÔʾ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ö tac ÊÇ cat µÄµ¹Öøд£¡ ? ? nl ÏÔʾµÄʱºò£¬Ë³µÀÊä³öÐкţ¡ ? ? more Ò»Ò³Ò»Ò³µÄÏÔʾÎļþÄÚÈÝ ? ? less Óë more ÀàËÆ£¬µ«ÊÇ±È more ¸üºÃµÄÊÇ£¬Ëû¿ÉÒÔÍùÇ°·­Ò³£¡ ? ? head Ö»¿´Í·¼¸ÐÐ ? ? tail Ö»¿´Î²°Í¼¸ÐÐ ? ? wc ͳ¼ÆÎļþÐÐÊý

cat

manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Concatenate FILE(s) to standard output. ? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ? ? ? ? -A, --show-all ? ? ? ? ? equivalent to -vET ? ? ? ? -b, --number-nonblank ? ?number nonempty output lines, overrides -n ? ? ? ? -e ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? equivalent to -vE ? ? ? ? -E, --show-ends ? ? ? ? ?display $ at end of each line ? ? ? ? -n, --number ? ? ? ? ? ? number all output lines ? ? ? ? -s, --squeeze-blank ? ? ?suppress repeated empty output lines ? ? ? ? -t ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? equivalent to -vT ? ? ? ? -T, --show-tabs ? ? ? ? ?display TAB characters as ^I ? ? ? ? -u ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (ignored) ? ? ? ? -v, --show-nonprinting ? use ^ and M- notation, except for LFD and TAB ? ? ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

tac

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. ? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ? ? Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. ? ? -b, --before ? ? ? ? ? ? attach the separator before instead of after ? ? -r, --regex ? ? ? ? ? ? ?interpret the separator as a regular expression ? ? -s, --separator=STRING ? use STRING as the separator instead of newline ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

nl

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Write each FILE to standard output, with line numbers added. ? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ? ? Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. ? ? -b, --body-numbering=STYLE ? ? ?use STYLE for numbering body lines ? ? -d, --section-delimiter=CC ? ? ?use CC for logical page delimiters ? ? -f, --footer-numbering=STYLE ? ?use STYLE for numbering footer lines ? ? -h, --header-numbering=STYLE ? ?use STYLE for numbering header lines ? ? -i, --line-increment=NUMBER ? ? line number increment at each line ? ? -l, --join-blank-lines=NUMBER ? group of NUMBER empty lines counted as one ? ? -n, --number-format=FORMAT ? ? ?insert line numbers according to FORMAT ? ? -p, --no-renumber ? ? ? ? ? ? ? do not reset line numbers for each section ? ? -s, --number-separator=STRING ? add STRING after (possible) line number ? ? -v, --starting-line-number=NUMBER ?first line number for each section ? ? -w, --number-width=NUMBER ? ? ? use NUMBER columns for line numbers ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

more

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? A file perusal filter for CRT viewing. ? ? Options: ? ? -d ? ? ? ? ?display help instead of ringing bell ? ? -f ? ? ? ? ?count logical rather than screen lines ? ? -l ? ? ? ? ?suppress pause after form feed ? ? -c ? ? ? ? ?do not scroll, display text and clean line ends ? ? -p ? ? ? ? ?do not scroll, clean screen and display text ? ? -s ? ? ? ? ?squeeze multiple blank lines into one ? ? -u ? ? ? ? ?suppress underlining ? ? -<number> ? the number of lines per screenful ? ? +<number> ? display file beginning from line number ? ? +/<string> ?display file beginning from search string match

? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help ? ? -V, --version ?display version

less

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Write each FILE to standard output, last line first. ? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ? ? Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. ? ? -b, --before ? ? ? ? ? ? attach the separator before instead of after ? ? -r, --regex ? ? ? ? ? ? ?interpret the separator as a regular expression ? ? -s, --separator=STRING ? use STRING as the separator instead of newline ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

head

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Print the first 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. ? ? With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. ? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ? ? Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. ? ? -c, --bytes=[-]NUM ? ? ? print the first NUM bytes of each file; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? with the leading '-', print all but the last ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NUM bytes of each file ? ? -n, --lines=[-]NUM ? ? ? print the first NUM lines instead of the first 10; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? with the leading '-', print all but the last ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NUM lines of each file ? ? -q, --quiet, --silent ? ?never print headers giving file names ? ? -v, --verbose ? ? ? ? ? ?always print headers giving file names ? ? -z, --zero-terminated ? ?line delimiter is NUL, not newline ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

tail

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Print the last 10 lines of each FILE to standard output. ? ? With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name. ? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. ? ? Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. ? ? -c, --bytes=[+]NUM ? ? ? output the last NUM bytes; or use -c +NUM to ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? output starting with byte NUM of each file ? ? -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? output appended data as the file grows; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? an absent option argument means 'descriptor' ? ? -F ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? same as --follow=name --retry ? ? -n, --lines=[+]NUM ? ? ? output the last NUM lines, instead of the last 10; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? or use -n +NUM to output starting with line NUM ? ? ? ? --max-unchanged-stats=N ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? changed size after N (default 5) iterations ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? to see if it has been unlinked or renamed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (this is the usual case of rotated log files); ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? with inotify, this option is rarely useful ? ? ? ? --pid=PID ? ? ? ? ? ?with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies ? ? -q, --quiet, --silent ? ?never output headers giving file names ? ? ? ? --retry ? ? ? ? ? ? ?keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible ? ? -s, --sleep-interval=N ? with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (default 1.0) between iterations; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? with inotify and --pid=P, check process P at ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? least once every N seconds ? ? -v, --verbose ? ? ? ? ? ?always output headers giving file names ? ? -z, --zero-terminated ? ?line delimiter is NUL, not newline ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

wc

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? more than one FILE is specified. ?A word is a non-zero-length sequence of ? ? characters delimited by white space.

? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

? ? The options below may be used to select which counts are printed, always in ? ? the following order: newline, word, character, byte, maximum line length. ? ? -c, --bytes ? ? ? ? ? ?print the byte counts ? ? -m, --chars ? ? ? ? ? ?print the character counts ? ? -l, --lines ? ? ? ? ? ?print the newline counts ? ? ? ? --files0-from=F ? ?read input from the files specified by ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? NUL-terminated names in file F; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? If F is - then read names from standard input ? ? -L, --max-line-length ?print the maximum display width ? ? -w, --words ? ? ? ? ? ?print the word counts ? ? ? ? --help ? ? display this help and exit ? ? ? ? --version ?output version information and exit

Linux´ò°üºÍѹËõ

tar

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? GNU 'tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can ? ? restore individual files from the archive.

? ? Examples: ? ? tar -cf archive.tar foo bar ?# Create archive.tar from files foo and bar. ? ? tar -tvf archive.tar ? ? ? ? # List all files in archive.tar verbosely. ? ? tar -xf archive.tar ? ? ? ? ?# Extract all files from archive.tar.

? ? Local file name selection:

? ? ? ? --add-file=FILE ? ? ? ?add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? starts with a dash) ? ? -C, --directory=DIR ? ? ? ?change to directory DIR ? ? ? ? --exclude=PATTERN ? ? ?exclude files, given as a PATTERN ? ? ? ? --exclude-backups ? ? ?exclude backup and lock files ? ? ? ? --exclude-caches ? ? ? exclude contents of directories containing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself ? ? ? ? --exclude-caches-all ? exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG ? ? ? ? --exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? CACHEDIR.TAG ? ? ? ? --exclude-ignore=FILE ?read exclude patterns for each directory from ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? FILE, if it exists ? ? ? ? --exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? read exclude patterns for each directory and its ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? subdirectories from FILE, if it exists ? ? ? ? --exclude-tag=FILE ? ? exclude contents of directories containing FILE, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? except for FILE itself ? ? ? ? --exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE ? ? ? ? --exclude-tag-under=FILE ? exclude everything under directories ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? containing FILE ? ? ? ? --exclude-vcs ? ? ? ? ?exclude version control system directories ? ? ? ? --exclude-vcs-ignores ?read exclude patterns from the VCS ignore files ? ? ? ? --no-null ? ? ? ? ? ? ?disable the effect of the previous --null option ? ? ? ? --no-recursion ? ? ? ? avoid descending automatically in directories ? ? ? ? --no-unquote ? ? ? ? ? do not unquote input file or member names ? ? ? ? --no-verbatim-files-from ? -T treats file names starting with dash as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? options (default) ? ? ? ? --null ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? -T reads null-terminated names; implies ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? --verbatim-files-from ? ? ? ? --recursion ? ? ? ? ? ?recurse into directories (default) ? ? -T, --files-from=FILE ? ? ?get names to extract or create from FILE ? ? ? ? --unquote ? ? ? ? ? ? ?unquote input file or member names (default) ? ? ? ? --verbatim-files-from ?-T reads file names verbatim (no escape or option ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? handling) ? ? -X, --exclude-from=FILE ? ?exclude patterns listed in FILE

? ? File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns):

? ? ? ? --anchored ? ? ? ? ? ? patterns match file name start ? ? ? ? --ignore-case ? ? ? ? ?ignore case ? ? ? ? --no-anchored ? ? ? ? ?patterns match after any '/' (default for ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? exclusion) ? ? ? ? --no-ignore-case ? ? ? case sensitive matching (default) ? ? ? ? --no-wildcards ? ? ? ? verbatim string matching ? ? ? ? --no-wildcards-match-slash ? wildcards do not match '/' ? ? ? ? --wildcards ? ? ? ? ? ?use wildcards (default) ? ? ? ? --wildcards-match-slash ? wildcards match '/' (default for exclusion)

? ? Main operation mode:

? ? -A, --catenate, --concatenate ? append tar files to an archive ? ? -c, --create ? ? ? ? ? ? ? create a new archive ? ? -d, --diff, --compare ? ? ?find differences between archive and file system ? ? ? ? --delete ? ? ? ? ? ? ? delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!) ? ? -r, --append ? ? ? ? ? ? ? append files to the end of an archive ? ? -t, --list ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? list the contents of an archive ? ? ? ? --test-label ? ? ? ? ? test the archive volume label and exit ? ? -u, --update ? ? ? ? ? ? ? only append files newer than copy in archive ? ? -x, --extract, --get ? ? ? extract files from an archive

? ? Operation modifiers:

? ? ? ? --check-device ? ? ? ? check device numbers when creating incremental ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? archives (default) ? ? -g, --listed-incremental=FILE ? handle new GNU-format incremental backup ? ? -G, --incremental ? ? ? ? ?handle old GNU-format incremental backup ? ? ? ? --hole-detection=TYPE ?technique to detect holes ? ? ? ? --ignore-failed-read ? do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files ? ? ? ? --level=NUMBER ? ? ? ? dump level for created listed-incremental archive ? ? -n, --seek ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? archive is seekable ? ? ? ? --no-check-device ? ? ?do not check device numbers when creating ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? incremental archives ? ? ? ? --no-seek ? ? ? ? ? ? ?archive is not seekable ? ? ? ? --occurrence[=NUMBER] ?process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? in the archive; this option is valid only in ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? --diff, --extract or --list and when a list of ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? files is given either on the command line or via ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1 ? ? ? ? --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? set version of the sparse format to use (implies ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? --sparse) ? ? -S, --sparse ? ? ? ? ? ? ? handle sparse files efficiently

? ? Overwrite control:

? ? -k, --keep-old-files ? ? ? don't replace existing files when extracting, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? treat them as errors ? ? ? ? --keep-directory-symlink ? preserve existing symlinks to directories when ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? extracting ? ? ? ? --keep-newer-files ? ? don't replace existing files that are newer than ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? their archive copies ? ? ? ? --no-overwrite-dir ? ? preserve metadata of existing directories ? ? ? ? --one-top-level[=DIR] ?create a subdirectory to avoid having loose files ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? extracted ? ? ? ? --overwrite ? ? ? ? ? ?overwrite existing files when extracting ? ? ? ? --overwrite-dir ? ? ? ?overwrite metadata of existing directories when ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? extracting (default) ? ? ? ? --recursive-unlink ? ? empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory ? ? ? ? --remove-files ? ? ? ? remove files after adding them to the archive ? ? ? ? --skip-old-files ? ? ? don't replace existing files when extracting, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? silently skip over them ? ? -U, --unlink-first ? ? ? ? remove each file prior to extracting over it ? ? -W, --verify ? ? ? ? ? ? ? attempt to verify the archive after writing it

? ? Select output stream:

? ? ? ? --ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children ? ? ? ? --no-ignore-command-error ? treat non-zero exit codes of children as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? error ? ? -O, --to-stdout ? ? ? ? ? ?extract files to standard output ? ? ? ? --to-command=COMMAND ? pipe extracted files to another program

? ? Handling of file attributes:

? ? ? ? --atime-preserve[=METHOD] ? preserve access times on dumped files, either ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? by restoring the times after reading ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? times in the first place (METHOD='system') ? ? ? ? --clamp-mtime ? ? ? ? ?only set time when the file is more recent than ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? what was given with --mtime ? ? ? ? --delay-directory-restore ? delay setting modification times and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? permissions of extracted directories until the end ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? of extraction ? ? ? ? --group=NAME ? ? ? ? ? force NAME as group for added files ? ? ? ? --group-map=FILE ? ? ? use FILE to map file owner GIDs and names ? ? ? ? --mode=CHANGES ? ? ? ? force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files ? ? ? ? --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE ? set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE ? ? -m, --touch ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?don't extract file modified time ? ? ? ? --no-delay-directory-restore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? option ? ? ? ? --no-same-owner ? ? ? ?extract files as yourself (default for ordinary ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? users) ? ? ? ? --no-same-permissions ?apply the user's umask when extracting permissions ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? from the archive (default for ordinary users) ? ? ? ? --numeric-owner ? ? ? ?always use numbers for user/group names ? ? ? ? --owner=NAME ? ? ? ? ? force NAME as owner for added files ? ? ? ? --owner-map=FILE ? ? ? use FILE to map file owner UIDs and names ? ? -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? extract information about file permissions ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (default for superuser) ? ? ? ? --same-owner ? ? ? ? ? try extracting files with the same ownership as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? exists in the archive (default for superuser) ? ? -s, --preserve-order, --same-order ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? member arguments are listed in the same order as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? the files in the archive ? ? ? ? --sort=ORDER ? ? ? ? ? directory sorting order: none (default), name or ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? inode

? ? Handling of extended file attributes:

? ? ? ? --acls ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Enable the POSIX ACLs support ? ? ? ? --no-acls ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Disable the POSIX ACLs support ? ? ? ? --no-selinux ? ? ? ? ? Disable the SELinux context support ? ? ? ? --no-xattrs ? ? ? ? ? ?Disable extended attributes support ? ? ? ? --selinux ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Enable the SELinux context support ? ? ? ? --xattrs ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Enable extended attributes support ? ? ? ? --xattrs-exclude=MASK ?specify the exclude pattern for xattr keys ? ? ? ? --xattrs-include=MASK ?specify the include pattern for xattr keys

? ? Device selection and switching:

? ? -f, --file=ARCHIVE ? ? ? ? use archive file or device ARCHIVE ? ? ? ? --force-local ? ? ? ? ?archive file is local even if it has a colon ? ? -F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? run script at end of each tape (implies -M) ? ? -L, --tape-length=NUMBER ? change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes ? ? -M, --multi-volume ? ? ? ? create/list/extract multi-volume archive ? ? ? ? --rmt-command=COMMAND ?use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt ? ? ? ? --rsh-command=COMMAND ?use remote COMMAND instead of rsh ? ? ? ? --volno-file=FILE ? ? ?use/update the volume number in FILE

? ? Device blocking:

? ? -b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS ? BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record ? ? -B, --read-full-records ? ?reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes) ? ? -i, --ignore-zeros ? ? ? ? ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF) ? ? ? ? --record-size=NUMBER ? NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512

? ? Archive format selection:

? ? -H, --format=FORMAT ? ? ? ?create archive of the given format

? ? FORMAT is one of the following:

? ? ? ? gnu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?GNU tar 1.13.x format ? ? ? ? oldgnu ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? GNU format as per tar <= 1.12 ? ? ? ? pax ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format ? ? ? ? posix ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?same as pax ? ? ? ? ustar ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format ? ? ? ? v7 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? old V7 tar format

? ? ? ? --old-archive, --portability ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? same as --format=v7 ? ? ? ? --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]... ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? control pax keywords ? ? ? ? --posix ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?same as --format=posix ? ? -V, --label=TEXT ? ? ? ? ? create archive with volume name TEXT; at ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? for volume name

? ? Compression options:

? ? -a, --auto-compress ? ? ? ?use archive suffix to determine the compression ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? program ? ? -I, --use-compress-program=PROG ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? filter through PROG (must accept -d) ? ? -j, --bzip2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?filter the archive through bzip2 ? ? -J, --xz ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? filter the archive through xz ? ? ? ? --lzip ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? filter the archive through lzip ? ? ? ? --lzma ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? filter the archive through xz --format=lzma ? ? ? ? --lzop ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? filter the archive through lzop ? ? ? ? --no-auto-compress ? ? do not use archive suffix to determine the ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? compression program ? ? -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip ? filter the archive through gzip ? ? -Z, --compress, --uncompress ? filter the archive through compress

? ? Local file selection:

? ? ? ? --backup[=CONTROL] ? ? backup before removal, choose version CONTROL ? ? -h, --dereference ? ? ? ? ?follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? point to ? ? ? ? --hard-dereference ? ? follow hard links; archive and dump the files they ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? refer to ? ? -K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? begin at member MEMBER-NAME when reading the ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? archive ? ? ? ? --newer-mtime=DATE ? ? compare date and time when data changed only ? ? -N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE ? ? ? ? --one-file-system ? ? ?stay in local file system when creating archive ? ? -P, --absolute-names ? ? ? don't strip leading '/'s from file names ? ? ? ? --suffix=STRING ? ? ? ?backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~' ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? unless overridden by environment variable ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX)

? ? File name transformations:

? ? ? ? --strip-components=NUMBER ? strip NUMBER leading components from file ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? names on extraction ? ? ? ? --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? names

? ? Informative output:

? ? ? ? --checkpoint[=NUMBER] ?display progress messages every NUMBERth record ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (default 10) ? ? ? ? --checkpoint-action=ACTION ? execute ACTION on each checkpoint ? ? ? ? --full-time ? ? ? ? ? ?print file time to its full resolution ? ? ? ? --index-file=FILE ? ? ?send verbose output to FILE ? ? -l, --check-links ? ? ? ? ?print a message if not all links are dumped ? ? ? ? --no-quote-chars=STRING ? disable quoting for characters from STRING ? ? ? ? --quote-chars=STRING ? additionally quote characters from STRING ? ? ? ? --quoting-style=STYLE ?set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? values ? ? -R, --block-number ? ? ? ? show block number within archive with each message

? ? ? ? --show-defaults ? ? ? ?show tar defaults ? ? ? ? --show-omitted-dirs ? ?when listing or extracting, list each directory ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? that does not match search criteria ? ? ? ? --show-snapshot-field-ranges ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? show valid ranges for snapshot-file fields ? ? ? ? --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? show file or archive names after transformation ? ? ? ? --totals[=SIGNAL] ? ? ?print total bytes after processing the archive; ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? with an argument - print total bytes when this ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? without SIG prefix are also accepted ? ? ? ? --utc ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?print file modification times in UTC ? ? -v, --verbose ? ? ? ? ? ? ?verbosely list files processed ? ? ? ? --warning=KEYWORD ? ? ?warning control ? ? -w, --interactive, --confirmation ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ask for confirmation for every action

? ? Compatibility options:

? ? -o ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? when creating, same as --old-archive; when ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? extracting, same as --no-same-owner

? ? Other options:

? ? -?, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? give this help list ? ? ? ? --restrict ? ? ? ? ? ? disable use of some potentially harmful options ? ? ? ? --usage ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?give a short usage message ? ? ? ? --version ? ? ? ? ? ? ?print program version

gzip

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).

? ? Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.

? ? -c, --stdout ? ? ?write on standard output, keep original files unchanged ? ? -d, --decompress ?decompress ? ? -f, --force ? ? ? force overwrite of output file and compress links ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ?give this help ? ? -k, --keep ? ? ? ?keep (don't delete) input files ? ? -l, --list ? ? ? ?list compressed file contents ? ? -L, --license ? ? display software license ? ? -n, --no-name ? ? do not save or restore the original name and timestamp ? ? -N, --name ? ? ? ?save or restore the original name and timestamp ? ? -q, --quiet ? ? ? suppress all warnings ? ? -r, --recursive ? operate recursively on directories ? ? ? ? --rsyncable ? make rsync-friendly archive ? ? -S, --suffix=SUF ?use suffix SUF on compressed files ? ? ? ? --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower) ? ? -t, --test ? ? ? ?test compressed file integrity ? ? -v, --verbose ? ? verbose mode ? ? -V, --version ? ? display version number ? ? -1, --fast ? ? ? ?compress faster ? ? -9, --best ? ? ? ?compress better

? ? With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.

bzip2

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor. ?Version 1.0.6, 6-Sept-2010.

? ? usage: bzip2 [flags and input files in any order]

? ? -h --help ? ? ? ? ? print this message ? ? -d --decompress ? ? force decompression ? ? -z --compress ? ? ? force compression ? ? -k --keep ? ? ? ? ? keep (don't delete) input files ? ? -f --force ? ? ? ? ?overwrite existing output files ? ? -t --test ? ? ? ? ? test compressed file integrity ? ? -c --stdout ? ? ? ? output to standard out ? ? -q --quiet ? ? ? ? ?suppress noncritical error messages ? ? -v --verbose ? ? ? ?be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more) ? ? -L --license ? ? ? ?display software version & license ? ? -V --version ? ? ? ?display software version & license ? ? -s --small ? ? ? ? ?use less memory (at most 2500k) ? ? -1 .. -9 ? ? ? ? ? ?set block size to 100k .. 900k ? ? --fast ? ? ? ? ? ? ?alias for -1 ? ? --best ? ? ? ? ? ? ?alias for -9

? ? If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? as `bunzip2', ?default action is to decompress. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout.

? ? If no file names are given, bzip2 compresses or decompresses ? ? from standard input to standard output. ?You can combine ? ? short flags, so `-v -4' means the same as -v4 or -4v, &c.

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useradd Ìí¼ÓÓû§

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: useradd [options] LOGIN ? ? useradd -D ? ? useradd -D [options]

? ? Options: ? ? -b, --base-dir BASE_DIR ? ? ? base directory for the home directory of the ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? new account ? ? -c, --comment COMMENT ? ? ? ? GECOS field of the new account ? ? -d, --home-dir HOME_DIR ? ? ? home directory of the new account ? ? -D, --defaults ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?print or change default useradd configuration ? ? -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE ?expiration date of the new account ? ? -f, --inactive INACTIVE ? ? ? password inactivity period of the new account ? ? -g, --gid GROUP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? name or ID of the primary group of the new ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? account ? ? -G, --groups GROUPS ? ? ? ? ? list of supplementary groups of the new ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? account ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display this help message and exit ? ? -k, --skel SKEL_DIR ? ? ? ? ? use this alternative skeleton directory ? ? -K, --key KEY=VALUE ? ? ? ? ? override /etc/login.defs defaults ? ? -l, --no-log-init ? ? ? ? ? ? do not add the user to the lastlog and ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? faillog databases ? ? -m, --create-home ? ? ? ? ? ? create the user's home directory ? ? -M, --no-create-home ? ? ? ? ?do not create the user's home directory ? ? -N, --no-user-group ? ? ? ? ? do not create a group with the same name as ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? the user ? ? -o, --non-unique ? ? ? ? ? ? ?allow to create users with duplicate ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (non-unique) UID ? ? -p, --password PASSWORD ? ? ? encrypted password of the new account ? ? -r, --system ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?create a system account ? ? -R, --root CHROOT_DIR ? ? ? ? directory to chroot into ? ? -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR ? ? ? prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files ? ? -s, --shell SHELL ? ? ? ? ? ? login shell of the new account ? ? -u, --uid UID ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? user ID of the new account ? ? -U, --user-group ? ? ? ? ? ? ?create a group with the same name as the user ? ? -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER ? ? use a specific SEUSER for the SELinux user mapping

userdel ɾ³ýÓû§

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: userdel [options] LOGIN

? ? Options: ? ? -f, --force ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? force some actions that would fail otherwise ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? e.g. removal of user still logged in ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? or files, even if not owned by the user ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display this help message and exit ? ? -r, --remove ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?remove home directory and mail spool ? ? -R, --root CHROOT_DIR ? ? ? ? directory to chroot into ? ? -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR ? ? ? prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files ? ? -Z, --selinux-user ? ? ? ? ? ?remove any SELinux user mapping for the user

? ? passwd ÉèÖÃÓû§ÃÜÂë ? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: passwd [OPTION...] <accountName> ? ? -k, --keep-tokens ? ? ? keep non-expired authentication tokens ? ? -d, --delete ? ? ? ? ? ?delete the password for the named account (root only); also removes password lock if ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? any ? ? -l, --lock ? ? ? ? ? ? ?lock the password for the named account (root only) ? ? -u, --unlock ? ? ? ? ? ?unlock the password for the named account (root only) ? ? -e, --expire ? ? ? ? ? ?expire the password for the named account (root only) ? ? -f, --force ? ? ? ? ? ? force operation ? ? -x, --maximum=DAYS ? ? ?maximum password lifetime (root only) ? ? -n, --minimum=DAYS ? ? ?minimum password lifetime (root only) ? ? -w, --warning=DAYS ? ? ?number of days warning users receives before password expiration (root only) ? ? -i, --inactive=DAYS ? ? number of days after password expiration when an account becomes disabled (root only) ? ? -S, --status ? ? ? ? ? ?report password status on the named account (root only) ? ? ? ? --stdin ? ? ? ? ? ? read new tokens from stdin (root only)

? ? Help options: ? ? -?, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ?Show this help message ? ? ? ? --usage ? ? ? ? ? ? Display brief usage message

usermod ÐÞ¸ÄÓû§ÐÅÏ¢

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: usermod [options] LOGIN

? ? Options: ? ? -c, --comment COMMENT ? ? ? ? new value of the GECOS field ? ? -d, --home HOME_DIR ? ? ? ? ? new home directory for the user account ? ? -e, --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE ?set account expiration date to EXPIRE_DATE ? ? -f, --inactive INACTIVE ? ? ? set password inactive after expiration ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? to INACTIVE ? ? -g, --gid GROUP ? ? ? ? ? ? ? force use GROUP as new primary group ? ? -G, --groups GROUPS ? ? ? ? ? new list of supplementary GROUPS ? ? -a, --append ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?append the user to the supplemental GROUPS ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? mentioned by the -G option without removing ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? the user from other groups ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display this help message and exit ? ? -l, --login NEW_LOGIN ? ? ? ? new value of the login name ? ? -L, --lock ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?lock the user account ? ? -m, --move-home ? ? ? ? ? ? ? move contents of the home directory to the ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? new location (use only with -d) ? ? -o, --non-unique ? ? ? ? ? ? ?allow using duplicate (non-unique) UID ? ? -p, --password PASSWORD ? ? ? use encrypted password for the new password ? ? -R, --root CHROOT_DIR ? ? ? ? directory to chroot into ? ? -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR ? ? ? prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files ? ? -s, --shell SHELL ? ? ? ? ? ? new login shell for the user account ? ? -u, --uid UID ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? new UID for the user account ? ? -U, --unlock ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?unlock the user account ? ? -v, --add-subuids FIRST-LAST ?add range of subordinate uids ? ? -V, --del-subuids FIRST-LAST ?remove range of subordinate uids ? ? -w, --add-subgids FIRST-LAST ?add range of subordinate gids ? ? -W, --del-subgids FIRST-LAST ?remove range of subordinate gids ? ? -Z, --selinux-user SEUSER ? ? new SELinux user mapping for the user account

groupadd Ìí¼ÓÓû§×é

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: groupadd [options] GROUP

? ? Options: ? ? -f, --force ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? exit successfully if the group already exists, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? and cancel -g if the GID is already used ? ? -g, --gid GID ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? use GID for the new group ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display this help message and exit ? ? -K, --key KEY=VALUE ? ? ? ? ? override /etc/login.defs defaults ? ? -o, --non-unique ? ? ? ? ? ? ?allow to create groups with duplicate ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? (non-unique) GID ? ? -p, --password PASSWORD ? ? ? use this encrypted password for the new group ? ? -r, --system ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?create a system account ? ? -R, --root CHROOT_DIR ? ? ? ? directory to chroot into ? ? -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR ? ? ? directory prefix

? ? groupdel ɾ³ýÓû§×é ? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: groupdel [options] GROUP

? ? Options: ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display this help message and exit ? ? -R, --root CHROOT_DIR ? ? ? ? directory to chroot into ? ? -P, --prefix PREFIX_DIR ? ? ? prefix directory where are located the /etc/* files ? ? -f, --force ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? delete group even if it is the primary group of a user

Óû§µÄ¼ÒĿ¼: /home/Óû§Ãû

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su Çл»µ±Ç°Óû§Éí·Ý

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? Usage: ? ? su [options] [-] [<user> [<argument>...]]

? ? Change the effective user ID and group ID to that of <user>. ? ? A mere - implies -l. ?If <user> is not given, root is assumed.

? ? Options: ? ? -m, -p, --preserve-environment ?do not reset environment variables ? ? -g, --group <group> ? ? ? ? ? ? specify the primary group ? ? -G, --supp-group <group> ? ? ? ?specify a supplemental group

? ? -, -l, --login ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?make the shell a login shell ? ? -c, --command <command> ? ? ? ? pass a single command to the shell with -c ? ? --session-command <command> ? ? pass a single command to the shell with -c ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? and do not create a new session ? ? -f, --fast ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?pass -f to the shell (for csh or tcsh) ? ? -s, --shell <shell> ? ? ? ? ? ? run <shell> if /etc/shells allows it ? ? -P, --pty ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? create a new pseudo-terminal

? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display this help ? ? -V, --version ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? display version

sudo ÓÃrootÓû§Éí·ÝÖ´ÐÐijÌõÃüÁî

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? sudo - execute a command as another user

? ? usage: sudo -h | -K | -k | -V ? ? usage: sudo -v [-AknS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-u user] ? ? usage: sudo -l [-AknS] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-U user] [-u user] [command] ? ? usage: sudo [-AbEHknPS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-T timeout] [-u user] ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? [VAR=value] [-i|-s] [<command>] ? ? usage: sudo -e [-AknS] [-r role] [-t type] [-C num] [-g group] [-h host] [-p prompt] [-T timeout] [-u user] file ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ...

? ? Options: ? ? -A, --askpass ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? use a helper program for password prompting ? ? -b, --background ? ? ? ? ? ? ?run command in the background ? ? -B, --bell ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?ring bell when prompting ? ? -C, --close-from=num ? ? ? ? ?close all file descriptors >= num ? ? -E, --preserve-env ? ? ? ? ? ?preserve user environment when running command ? ? ? ? --preserve-env=list ? ? ? preserve specific environment variables ? ? -e, --edit ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?edit files instead of running a command ? ? -g, --group=group ? ? ? ? ? ? run command as the specified group name or ID ? ? -H, --set-home ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?set HOME variable to target user's home dir ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?display help message and exit ? ? -h, --host=host ? ? ? ? ? ? ? run command on host (if supported by plugin) ? ? -i, --login ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? run login shell as the target user; a command may also be specified ? ? -K, --remove-timestamp ? ? ? ?remove timestamp file completely ? ? -k, --reset-timestamp ? ? ? ? invalidate timestamp file ? ? -l, --list ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?list user's privileges or check a specific command; use twice for longer format ? ? -n, --non-interactive ? ? ? ? non-interactive mode, no prompts are used ? ? -P, --preserve-groups ? ? ? ? preserve group vector instead of setting to target's ? ? -p, --prompt=prompt ? ? ? ? ? use the specified password prompt ? ? -r, --role=role ? ? ? ? ? ? ? create SELinux security context with specified role ? ? -S, --stdin ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? read password from standard input ? ? -s, --shell ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? run shell as the target user; a command may also be specified ? ? -t, --type=type ? ? ? ? ? ? ? create SELinux security context with specified type ? ? -T, --command-timeout=timeout terminate command after the specified time limit ? ? -U, --other-user=user ? ? ? ? in list mode, display privileges for user ? ? -u, --user=user ? ? ? ? ? ? ? run command (or edit file) as specified user name or ID ? ? -V, --version ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? display version information and exit ? ? -v, --validate ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?update user's timestamp without running a command ? ? -- ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?stop processing command line arguments

visudo ÐÞ¸ÄsudoÃüÁîµÄÅäÖÃÎļþ

? ? manÖеĽâÊÍ: ? ? visudo - safely edit the sudoers file

? ? usage: visudo [-chqsV] [[-f] sudoers ]

? ? Options: ? ? -c, --check ? ? ? ? ? ? ?check-only mode ? ? -f, --file=sudoers ? ? ? specify sudoers file location ? ? -h, --help ? ? ? ? ? ? ? display help message and exit ? ? -q, --quiet ? ? ? ? ? ? ?less verbose (quiet) syntax error messages ? ? -s, --strict ? ? ? ? ? ? strict syntax checking ? ? -V, --version ? ? ? ? ? ?display version information and exit

Óû§ÅäÖÃÎļþ

? ? /etc/passwd Óû§ÐÅÏ¢ÅäÖÃÎļþ ? ? /etc/shadow Óû§ÃÜÂëÐÅÏ¢ÅäÖÃÎļþ